Key Highlights
- India accounts for over 90% of worldwide Makhan exports.
- India, Nepal, China, Thailand and Bangladesh are the only countries that surpass 1,000 tonnes in 2025.
- The global production of Makhan is approximately 40,000 metric tonnes, with India producing the bulk.
- Primary importers include the United States, Canada, the United Arab Emirates and several Gulf and Southeast Asian nations.
Detailed Insights
Global Production. Across the world, Makhan production totals around 40,000 metric tonnes. India alone supplies the majority, particularly from the state of Bihar, which is the central hub of cultivation.
Export Landscape. In 2025 India shipped roughly 25,130 tonnes, representing more than 90 % of the 27,000‑tonne global export figure. Nepal followed with approximately 2,000 tonnes, mainly destined for India and Gulf markets. China contributed about 1,500 tonnes, largely earmarked for traditional‑medicine use in East Asian countries. Thailand exported around 1,200 tonnes, while Bangladesh moved roughly 1,000 tonnes, mainly to India and the Middle East.
Market Dynamics. The United States, Canada and the UAE have become primary outlets for Indian Makhan, whereas the Gulf and Southeast Asian regions rely on imports from Nepal, China, Thailand and Bangladesh.
Implications. The concentration of export volume in India presents both a commercial advantage and a vulnerability, as fluctuations in the Indian supply chain could ripple across international markets.
Key Concepts
- Makhan (Fox nut) – A lotus seed that is de‑watered, roasted and used extensively as a snack and health ingredient.
- Terai region – Low‑lying southern plains of Nepal where climate and soil conditions favor Makhan cultivation.
- Traditional medicine – In China, Makhan is incorporated into herbal formulations for its reputed health properties.
- Export share – The percentage of a country’s Makhan shipment relative to the global total.